{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O1175195"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1175195/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2014HG4584/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2014HG4584/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2014HG4584","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O1175195/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O1175195","accessionNumber":"IS.2:7-1972","objectType":"Manuscript page","titles":[{"title":"Uttaradhyayanasutra","type":"series title"}],"summaryDescription":"This is a folio from a manuscript of the Uttaradhyayanasutra, a Jain text. Jainism is one of the oldest living religions in the world and had emerged in India by around the 6th century BC. Its best-known ideal is non-violence. Jains revere 24 Jinas (spiritual victors) or Tirthankaras (fordmakers), who showed the way to achieve liberation from the ocean of birth and rebirth. \r\n\r\nThe Uttaradhyayanasutra is believed by members of the Shvetambara sect of Jains to contain the last teachings of Mahavira, the 24th and last Jina, considered to be the historical founder of Jainism. This canonical text is concerned with the rules of behaviour that govern monastic life. The Uttaradhyayanasutra is classified as a 'Mula' or 'fundamental' work of Jain scripture.\r\n\r\nThis Uttaradhyayanasutra manuscript is one of the earliest known illustrated versions. It lacks the lavish use of gold and ultramarine blue seen in many contemporary and later manuscripts but its fine illustrations are notable for the quality of line, harmonious colour balances and the often lively and unusual compositions.\r\n\r\nThe illustrations on this folio show: \r\nRecto: Parable of the ram  (elaijjam) and the story of the king and forbidden mangoes.\r\nVerso: The story of Kapila. (Kaviliyam).","physicalDescription":"Folio recto, opaque watercolour and ink on paper, from a manuscript of the <i>Uttaradhyayanasutra</i>. One of 46 leaves on light-brown paper. The text, written in black ink, is in 15 lines. Not all folios are illustrated but the illustration, where present, is on the left and is roughly square in shape. In the centre of each page the text is interrupted by a lozenge-shaped blank space. There are thin double-ruled black margins filled with red. Gold is not used in this manuscript.\n\r\nThis folio recto (this side) has the illustration for chapter (lecture) 7, showing the parable of the ram and the story of the king and forbidden mangoes. The chapter title <i>aurabhrīyākhyaṃ saptamaṃ adhyayanaṃ</i> is rendered by H. Jacobi in <u>Jaina Sutras</u> as 'The parable of the ram, &amp;c. (illustrative of the folly of the sinner who misses his chance of reaching a more exalted state of existence)'.\n\nThe text has the last part of verse 29 to the end of chapter 7, and verse 1 to the first part of verse 13 of chapter 8.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"opaque watercolour","id":"x35013"},{"text":"ink","id":"AAT15012"},{"text":"paper","id":"AAT14109"}],"techniques":[{"text":"painted","id":"AAT54216"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Painted in opaque watercolour and ink on paper","categories":[{"text":"Manuscripts","id":"THES48922"},{"text":"Jain","id":"THES49013"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Illustration","id":"THES48938"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Bonita Trust Indian Paintings Cataloguing Project","id":"THES263148"}],"styles":[{"text":"Western Indian","id":"AAT19057"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"SSEA","id":"THES48598"},"images":["2014HG4584"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"008","id":"THES403523"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"page","id":"AAT194222"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Khambhat","id":"x44942"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"In Stambhatirtha, Khambhat (Cambay), Gujarat"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1460","earliest":"1455-01-01","latest":"1464-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"11.5","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"30","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"A folio from the <i>Uttaradhyanasutra</i>, a Jain text containing the last teachings of Mahavira.  This canonical text set out the rules of behaviour for the monastic community.\r\n\r\nJain monks have traditionally been supported by a much larger lay community, who gained spiritual merit by commissioning manuscripts, which were preserved in temple libraries. Jainism has two sects, Shvetambara and Digambara, and the illustrated manuscript to which this folio belongs was painted for Jains of the Shvetambara sect. Surviving Jain manuscripts show that a distinctive Western Indian painting style had developed by the 12th century. \r\n\r\nThe earliest Jain manuscripts were written on palm leaf with painted wooden covers but during the 14th century paper came into general use for illustrated manuscripts. One feature that can be seen in this manuscript is the interruption of the text with a lozenge-shaped blank space to allow for the perforation of a binding cord. In fact, no such hole has been made. This is a reminder that medieval paper manuscripts in this format were still following in some respects the conventions of the long narrow strips of the palm-leaf manuscript.\r\n\r\nThis manuscript bears a later colophon stating that it was produced at Stambhatirtha in Cambay on the Gujarat coast, which was a major port and hub of Jain mercantile activity.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Manuscript page recto, <i>Uttaradhyayanasutra Sutra</i>, parable of ram, story of king and forbidden mangoes, ink and paint on paper, Gujarat, Jain, ca. 1460","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Brown, W. Norman, 'Manuscript Illustrations of the Uttaradhyayana Sutra'. American Oriental Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1941, 45 p."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Guy, J. 'Jain Manuscript Painting' and catalogue number 84 'Chaste Monk Avoids the Lures of Women' in Pal, P. ed. 'The Peaceful Liberators: Jain Art from India', New York and London : Thames and Hudson and Los Angeles : Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1995. ISBN 050001650x and ISBN 0875871720. Pp.89-99, especially pp.96-97; p.206."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Balbir, N. et al, 'Catalogue of the Jain Manuscripts of the British Library including the holdings of the British Museum and the Victoria & Albert Museum'. London, British Library and Institute of Jainology, 2006. Vol 1, pp.38-39, Vol 2, pp.138-141."},{"reference":{"text":"Losty, Jeremiah P. <i>The art of the book in India<i/>. London: British Library, London, c1982 Number: 0904654788 :","id":"AUTH339290"},"details":"","free":""}],"production":"The place of origin is given in a later colophon in the manuscript","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"The parable of the ram and the story of the king and forbidden mangoes.","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"ram","id":"AAT232835"},{"text":"king","id":"AAT25481"},{"text":"mango","id":"x38499"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["IS.2:7-1972"],"accessionNumberNum":"2","accessionNumberPrefix":"IS","accessionYear":1972,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-16","recordCreationDate":"2010-11-04","availableToBook":true}}