{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O113518"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O113518/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AA8311/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AA8311/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"low","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AA8311","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":null},"record":{"systemNumber":"O113518","accessionNumber":"LOAN:MUMBY.1&A","objectType":"Cup","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"This cup and paten were used in post-Reformation Protestant worship to serve the consecrated wine and bread during Holy Communion.\r\n\r\nDuring the 16th century Reformation there was a return to a simpler, more direct form of worship. Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic belief in 'transubstantiation', in which the bread and wine are miraculously transformed during the Mass into the body and blood of Christ, and proposed instead a symbolic service of shared communion. In this, the congregation would regularly take wine as well as bread, whereas before they had been chiefly spectators.\r\n\r\nTo consolidate this break with traditional religion, the church authorities launched a programme from about 1560 to replace the 'old massing chalices' with 'decent' communion cups of prescribed design. In the Lincoln diocese the conversion of chalices was shared between London and regional goldsmiths. Local cups were usually shorter and more crudely made. \r\n\r\nThe maker's mark, combining I and M, appears on about 60 cups from the region. It may be that of a prolific local goldsmith, John Morley.","physicalDescription":"Communion cup, silver, consisting of a bucket shaped bowl with gently flaring lip, engraved with a band of arabesque foliage, on a spool-shaped stem and round foot. The accompanying paten is domed with a high central foot, inscribed 1569.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Morley, John","id":"A16144"},"association":{"text":"maker","id":"AAT251917"},"note":"possibly"}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"silver","id":"AAT11029"}],"techniques":[{"text":"raising","id":"AAT237068"},{"text":"engraving","id":"AAT53829"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"silver","categories":[{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2006AA8311"],"imageResolution":"low","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"84","id":"THES49710"},"free":"","case":"CA6A","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"84","id":"THES49710"},"free":"","case":"CA6A","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"cover (closure)","id":""}],[{"text":"Communion cup","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Lincoln","id":"x32629"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1569","earliest":"1564-01-01","latest":"1573-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Lent by St. Thomas of Canterbury church, Mumby, Lincolnshire","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"5 1/2","unit":"in","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Maker's mark I over M, possibly for John Morley (active 1556-73) of Lincoln","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""},{"content":"The paten inscribed 1569","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"The Reformation in England\r\nOn the eve of the Reformation, churchgoing in England was a colourful, sensory experience, rich in ceremony. In the 1530s, however, Henry VIII threw off the authority of the pope. Under his successor Edward VI (reigned 1547-53) major changes in worship and church decoration were introduced. \r\n\r\nEnglish Reformers wanted a return to a simpler, more direct form of worship. Their boldest move was to reject the Roman Catholic belief in 'transubstantiation', in which the bread and wine are miraculously transformed during the Mass into the body and blood of Christ. They proposed instead a symbolic service of shared communion, conducted in interiors stripped of distracting furnishings and images. The congregation would play an active role in the communion, regularly taking wine as well as bread, whereas before they had been chiefly spectators.\r\n\r\nCrown commissioners confiscated or destroyed much of the goldsmiths' work of the medieval church. Some parishes concealed or sold their silver before the commissioners arrived, but by the early 1550s, many were left with just a single cup and paten. Some churches had no precious metal at all.\r\n\r\nConsolidation\r\nThe success of the Reformation by 1600 owed much to an ingrained culture of obedience to the crown. During the brief reign of Mary I (1553-8) England returned to Catholicism, but under Elizabeth I it swung back to Protestantism, spurred on by state propaganda that Catholicism represented a political threat. Even so, this rupture with the past met with quiet resistance as many people were attached to the old faith and its trappings.\r\n\r\nTo consolidate this break with traditional religion, the church authorities launched a programme from about 1560 to replace the 'old massing chalices' with 'decent' communion cups of prescribed design. This gave a massive boost to the goldsmiths' trade and the great demand led to the formal establishment of assay offices outside London, at Chester, York, Norwich and Exeter. About 2000 communion cups from the period survive.","briefDescription":"Silver communion cup and paten cover, English (Lincolnshire), the cup marked with the initials 'I' over 'M', possibly for John Morley; the paten cover engraved with the date '1569'.\nCommunion cup, silver, Lincoln, about 1569, possibly by John Morley","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Communion Cup and Paten\r\n\r\nThis cup was used in Protestant worship to serve the consecrated wine during Holy Communion.\r\n\r\nDuring the Reformation there was a return to a simpler, more direct form of worship. Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic belief in ‘transubstantiation’, in which the bread and wine are miraculously transformed during the Mass into the body and blood of Christ, and proposed instead a symbolic service of shared communion. In this, the congregation would regularly take wine as well as bread, whereas before they had been chiefly spectators.\r\n\r\nTo consolidate this break with traditional religion, the church authorities launched a programme from about 1560 to replace the ‘old massing chalices’ with ‘decent’ communion cups of prescribed design.\r\n\r\nIn the Lincoln diocese the conversion of chalices was shared between London and regional goldsmiths. Local cups were usually shorter and more crudely made. A maker’s mark combining ‘I’ and ‘M’ appears on about 60 cups from the region. It may be that of a prolific local goldsmith, John Morley.\r\n\r\nLincoln, England, paten dated 1569; possibly by\r\nJohn Morley (active 1556–73). Silver\r\nOn loan from St Thomas of Canterbury church,\r\nMumby, Lincolnshire","date":{"text":"22/11/2005","earliest":"2005-11-22","latest":"2005-11-22"}}],"partNumbers":["LOAN:MUMBY.1A","LOAN:MUMBY.1"],"accessionNumberNum":"1","accessionNumberPrefix":"LOAN:MUMBY","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","cover (closure)","Communion cup"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-09-19","recordCreationDate":"2005-06-28","availableToBook":false}}