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It first appeared about 350, possibly for use in private prayer. Crosses were also carried in procession before a service. In early times, people held them in their hand, but later they raised them high on poles. \r\n\r\nBoth altar and processional crosses were generally made of precious or gilded metal, or ivory, and decorated with gems. From about 800 they bore the image of the crucified Christ and became known as crucifixes. By about 1100 the imagery of European crosses had become established. It usually included the symbols of the four Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John), often with the Virgin Mary and St John flanking the figure of Christ crucified.\r\n\r\nThis very large cross was clearly made for processional use. Enamelled plaques and embossed figures show scenes from the life of Christ. On the front are the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ. On the back are the Nativity, the Annunciation and the Flight into Egypt.","physicalDescription":"Wood covered with plates of silver repousse and gilt.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"wood","id":"AAT11914"},{"text":"silver","id":"AAT11029"}],"techniques":[{"text":"gilding","id":"AAT53789"},{"text":"repousse","id":"AAT54023"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Wood, silver gilt","categories":[{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2006BA1576","2006BA1575","2019MC9632","2018KT4929","2018KX5021","2019ME7186"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"84","id":"THES49710"},"free":"","case":"CA4","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Cross","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Burgos","id":"x33113"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"ca. 1500","earliest":"1495-01-01","latest":"1504-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"865","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"500","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Depth","value":"170","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"of base/knop","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"Stamped with the names of the goldsmiths, Pedro and Martin.","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"Altar and Processional Crosses\r\n\r\nThe cross is the distinctive emblem of Christianity and the symbol of Christ's crucifixion. Models of the cross begin to appear from about 350 AD, probably for use in private prayer. Only from about 1000 was a cross regularly placed on the altar during Mass; a more ancient custom was to suspend a cross above the altar or to place one beside it. Crosses were also carried in procession before a service. In early centuries these were hand-held, later replaced by more visible crosses raised on staffs.\r\n\r\nBoth altar and processional crosses were generally made of precious or gilt metal, or ivory, and decorated with gems. From about 800 they were adorned with the image of the crucified Christ and became known as crucifixes. By about 1100 the iconography of European crosses had become established, usually including the symbols of the four Evangelists, often with the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist flanking the figure of Christ crucified.","briefDescription":"Silver, parcel-gilt on wood, set with translucent enamels, Burgos, Spain, ca.1500","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Oman, Charles. <u>The Golden Age of Hispanic Silver 1400-1665</u>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1968."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Corès, Juan Antonio; Hergueta, Domingo; Huidobro, Luciano; Martínez Concellón, Matías. <u>Catalogo de Exposicion de arte retrospective</u>, Burgos, No.656. Pl. XXXIII, (Burgos: 1926)"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Mata, Ma Ángela Franco. <u>Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional</u>. Tomo XII, n. 1 and 2, (S.G. Museos Estatales 1994)"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Réau, Louis. <u>Iconografía del Arte Cristiano. Iconografía de la Biblia, Nuevo Testamento</u>. Tomo I, Vol. 2. (Barcelona: Ediciones del Serbal, 1996)"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Rodríguez Peinado, Laura. 'La crucifixión'. <u>Revista digital de iconografía medieval</u>, Vol. 2, Nº. 4, 2010, págs. 29-40. (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2010)"}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Processional Cross\r\nThe cross is the central emblem of Christianity and the symbol of Christ's Crucifixion. It first appeared about 350, possibly for use in private prayer. Crosses were also carried in procession before a service. In early times, people held them in their hand, but later they raised them high on poles. \r\n\r\nBoth altar and processional crosses were generally made of precious or gilded metal, or ivory, and decorated with gems. From about 800 they bore the image of the crucified Christ and became known as crucifixes. By about 1100 the imagery of European crosses had become established. It usually included the symbols of the four Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John), often with the Virgin Mary and St John flanking the cross.\r\n\r\nThis very large cross was clearly made for processional use. Enamelled plaques and embossed figures show scenes from the life of Christ. On the front are the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ. On the back are the Nativity, the Annunciation and the Flight into Egypt.\r\n\r\nBurgos, Spain, about 1500; stamped with the\r\nnames of the goldsmiths, Pedro and Martin\r\nSilver, partly gilded, on wood, set with plaques\r\nof translucent enamel; copper gilt knop\r\nMuseum no. 514-1873  (9)","date":{"text":"22/11/2005","earliest":"2005-11-22","latest":"2005-11-22"}}],"partNumbers":["514-1873"],"accessionNumberNum":"514","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1873,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":["2017KC8941"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-08-14","recordCreationDate":"2005-03-18","availableToBook":false}}