{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O109489"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O109489/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AA8202/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AA8202/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"low","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AA8202","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AA8203","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2006AA8204","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":null},"record":{"systemNumber":"O109489","accessionNumber":"LOAN:MET ANON.15-2004","objectType":"Cross","titles":[{"title":"pectoral cross","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"Owned by the Clifford and Petre families, this beautiful cross was used in Roman Catholic worship. It is said to have belonged to Cardinal Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556-8, during the reign of Mary I. In the-mid 17th century the jewelled settings were reused on a new case. The cross opens to reveal an enamelled figure of Christ Crucified, also later in date than the original cross.","physicalDescription":"Set on the outside with rubies in gold, it opens to reveal an enamelled crucifix with the blood of Christ's wounds picked out in red.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"gold","id":"AAT11021"},{"text":"enamel","id":"AAT14910"},{"text":"rubies","id":"AAT11082"}],"techniques":[{"text":"enamelling","id":"x37485"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Gold, enamel and gem stones including rubies","categories":[{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Religion","id":"THES48900"},{"text":"Christianity","id":"THES48978"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2006AA8202","2006AA8203","2006AA8204"],"imageResolution":"low","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"83","id":"THES49711"},"free":"","case":"CA4A","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"83","id":"THES49711"},"free":"","case":"CA4A","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"Pectoral cross","id":""}],[{"text":"pectoral cross case","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"England","id":"x28826"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1525-1640","earliest":"1525-01-01","latest":"1640-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Lent by Diocese of Brentwood","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"9","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"7","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"A Latin inscription identifying the relics is engraved on the inner upright of the cross that encloses the crucifix: 'Cru/cis /D[o]m[i]ne / Nos=/tri / [?] / Coron[a] / Spin [?] / [?] /crucis / salua/toris / Nos=/tri / S[anc]ti / Ioseph/ab / Arama/[?ta]'","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"'The cross of Our Lord ... / Crown [of thorns?] / Cross of Our Saviour / Saint Joseph of Arimathea.'","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""}],"objectHistory":"Traditionally said to have belonged to Cardinal Reginald Pole (died 1558), Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Mary Tudor. Pole was Secretary of State and responsible for England's brief return to Catholicism after the Protestant Reformation of Edward VI. It has descended in the Catholic Clifford and Petre families. The present cross was probably made about a hundred years after Pole's death, but the jewelled settings may have been carefully preserved from a cross that he had owned.\r\nThis form of cross of precious metal which was worn on the breast and suspended on a chain which goes around the neck. In the Roman Catholic Church, a pectoral cross is worn by cardinals and abbots as well as bishops.","historicalContext":"Secret Catholicism\r\nAfter the Reformation, the Roman Catholic faith was severely restricted. Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services were known as recusants and until the late 17th century they had to worship in secret. However, the Dukes of Norfolk and aristocratic families such as the Arundells at Wardour Castle encouraged Catholic communities to use their private chapels and so kept the faith alive.\r\n\r\nThe Catholic plate that survives from before the 1660s is mainly limited to chalices, paxes and pyxes. These earlier pieces are rarely marked. After 1688, Catholic plate was more often hallmarked and the range of forms expanded to include sanctuary lamps, cruets and incense boats. \r\n\r\nIn London, Catholics could worship openly in foreign embassy chapels. The silver from the Sardinian Embassy chapel can be seen in the case to the right. During the reign of Charles II, Catholic courtiers could also attend the queen's private chapel and that of the Queen Mother, Henrietta Maria.","briefDescription":"Gold set with rubies; opens to reveal a gold enamelled crucifix. English, 1525-1640, unmarked.","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Schroder, Timothy. <u>Silver and the Church</u>, catalogue of an exhibition held at Goldsmiths' Hall, held to mark the 1400th anniversary of the Diocese of London, 19 April - 15 May 2004. London: The Silver Society with the support of the Goldsmith's Company, 2004. ISBN 0954914406."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[{"text":"Pole, Reginald (Cardinal)","id":"N4517"}],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[{"text":"Pectoral Cross\nThis beautiful and rare survival was owned by the Clifford and Petre families. It is said to have belonged to Cardinal Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556-8, during the reign of Mary I. The cross opens to reveal an enamelled figure of the crucified Christ.\nEngland, about 1550, with later embellishments\nGold, with gemstones and enamel\nDiocese of Brentwood","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null}},{"text":"Pectoral Cross\r\nOwned by the Clifford and Petre families, this beautiful cross was used in Roman Catholic worship. It is said to have belonged to Cardinal Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556–8, during the reign of Mary I. In the mid 17th century the jewelled settings were reused on a new case. The cross opens to reveal an enamelled figure of Christ Crucified, also later in date that the original cross.\r\n\r\nEngland, 1525-50\r\nGold, rubies, diamonds and enamel \r\nPrivate collection","date":{"text":"22/11/2005","earliest":"2005-11-22","latest":"2005-11-22"}}],"partNumbers":["LOAN:MET ANON.15:1-2004","LOAN:MET ANON.15:2-2004"],"accessionNumberNum":"15","accessionNumberPrefix":"LOAN:MET ANON","accessionYear":2004,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-08-14","recordCreationDate":"2005-02-21","availableToBook":false}}