{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O109021"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O109021/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AJ9414/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2006AJ9414/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2006AJ9414","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O109021/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O109021","accessionNumber":"2254&A-1855","objectType":"Knife and fork handle","titles":[],"summaryDescription":"Enamelled handles, such as on this knife and fork, were fragile and easily damaged. Few examples survive in good condition. Most come from Germany and France where they were especially popular.\r\n\r\nEbony, ivory, fish skin, tortoiseshell, amber, bone, horn and shell were all popular for decorating cutlery. Around 1730 ceramic handles were introduced to Europe from China. Although cutlers were required by their guilds to be able to make a complete knife, handles of carved ivory, silver, bronze and glass were usually imported or made by specialist craftsmen.","physicalDescription":"Handles of copper enamelled in relief with insects, flowers and leaves.","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Unknown","id":"A1848"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":""}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"copper","id":"AAT11020"},{"text":"enamel","id":"AAT14910"},{"text":"steel","id":"AAT133751"}],"techniques":[{"text":"enamelling","id":"x37485"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Steel, with handles of copper enamelled in relief","categories":[{"text":"Eating","id":"THES48963"},{"text":"Metalwork","id":"THES48920"},{"text":"Tableware & cutlery","id":"THES48888"}],"styles":[],"collectionCode":{"text":"MET","id":"THES48599"},"images":["2006AJ9414"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"116 (VA)","id":"THES49908"},"free":"","case":"DR7","shelf":"","box":""},{"current":{"text":"017","id":"THES408845"},"free":"","case":"","shelf":"","box":""}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"knife (culinary tool)","id":""}],[{"text":"Fork handle","id":""}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""},{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Germany","id":"x28873"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"},{"place":{"text":"France","id":"x28849"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":"possibly"}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1530-1580","earliest":"1530-01-01","latest":"1580-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Length","value":"19.4","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"knife","note":"converted from measurement in register"},{"dimension":"Length","value":"7","unit":"cm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"fork handle","note":"converted from measurement in register"}],"dimensionsNote":"","marksAndInscriptions":[],"objectHistory":"Bought in 1855 from the Bernal Collection for £5.10s.\r\n\r\n<u>Provenance</u>\r\n\r\nRalph Bernal (1783-1854) was a renowned collector and objects from his collection are now in museums across the world, including the V&A. He was born into a Sephardic Jewish family of Spanish descent, but was baptised into the Christian religion at the age of 22. Bernal studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, and subsequently became a prominent Whig politician. He built a reputation for himself as a man of taste and culture through the collection he amassed and later in life he became the president of the British Archaeological Society. Yet the main source of income which enabled him to do this was the profits from enslaved labour.\r\n\r\nIn 1811, Bernal inherited three sugar plantations in Jamaica, where over 500 people were eventually enslaved. Almost immediately, he began collecting works of art and antiquities. After the emancipation of those enslaved in the British Caribbean in the 1830s, made possible in part by acts of their own resistance, Bernal was awarded compensation of more than £11,450 (equivalent to over £1.5 million today). This was for the loss of 564 people enslaved on Bernal's estates who were classed by the British government as his 'property'. They included people like Antora, and her son Edward, who in August 1834 was around five years old (The National Archives, T 71/49). Receiving the money appears to have led to an escalation of Bernal's collecting.\r\n\r\nWhen Bernal died in 1855, he was celebrated for 'the perfection of his taste, as well as the extent of his knowledge' (Christie and Manson, 1855). His collection was dispersed in a major auction during which the Museum of Ornamental Art at Marlborough House, which later became the South Kensington Museum (now the V&A), was the biggest single buyer.","historicalContext":"","briefDescription":"Knife and fork handle, with enamelled handles, Germany or France, 1530-80","bibliographicReferences":[],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["2254-1855","2254A-1855"],"accessionNumberNum":"2254","accessionNumberPrefix":"","accessionYear":1855,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE","knife (culinary tool)","Fork handle"],"assets":["2019LR0481","2019LU8189"],"recordModificationDate":"2025-11-12","recordCreationDate":"2005-02-04","availableToBook":false}}