{"meta":{"version":"2.1","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.vam.ac.uk/v2/object/O1069966"},"collection_page":{"href":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1069966/"}},"images":{"_primary_thumbnail":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2024NU4252/full/!100,100/0/default.jpg","_iiif_image":"https://framemark.vam.ac.uk/collections/2024NU4252/","_alt_iiif_image":[],"imageResolution":"high","_images_meta":[{"assetRef":"2024NU4252","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false},{"assetRef":"2024NU4253","copyright":"© Victoria and Albert Museum, London","sensitiveImage":false}]},"see_also":{"_iiif_pres":"https://iiif.vam.ac.uk/collections/O1069966/manifest.json","_alt_iiif_pres":[]}},"record":{"systemNumber":"O1069966","accessionNumber":"EVANS.90","objectType":"Miniature","titles":[{"title":"Portrait Miniature of Mary Christina","type":"generic title"}],"summaryDescription":"This portrait miniature of Mary Christina, wife of Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell, was painted by Penelope Carwardine (1730-1804), a female miniaturist in eighteenth-century England. Carwardine likely learned to paint from her mother, Anne Bullock. She turned to miniature painting as a source of income to support her family financially. Carwardine was close friends with Joshua Reynolds and his sister Frances, and she exhibited at the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1771 and 1772 (earlier entries may refer to either her sister-in-law or her mother, who also painted miniatures). Carwardine often painted pale, blue-toned sitters with elongated faces turned on a slight angle. This miniature is signed ‘PC 1767’.\r\n","physicalDescription":"Portrait miniature on ivory of Mary Christina","artistMakerPerson":[{"name":{"text":"Penelope Carwardine","id":"A9777"},"association":{"text":"","id":""},"note":"Penelope Carwardine (married name Butler, 1729-1804), was a miniature painter in eighteenth-century London. She was born at Withington, Herefordshire, the daughter of John Carwardine and Anne Bullock, who was also a miniature painter. It is likely Carwardine was taught the art by her mother. She turned to miniature painting as a source of income after her father left the family destitute; by 1754, she had an established practice in London. She exhibited at the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1771 and 1771 (earlier entries in 1761 and 1762 may refer to her sister-in-law or her mother). In 1763, a Mrs Carwardine (unclear which one) is listed as an artist in Thomas Mortimer’s Universal Director. \r\n\r\nCarwardine married James Butler on 26 May 1763 and took on his name. She was also close friends with Joshua Reynolds and his sister Frances. Reynolds wrote of Carwardine’s relation to Ozias Humphry, who painted her portrait and may have instructed her: \r\n\r\n‘she may well at this time, or earlier, have sought to improve her style from him … he did not guide her earliest work … [this] shows the formality of the Lens manner mingling with the greater interest in character and humanity of the newer fashion.’ (112)\r\n\r\nShe died in October 1804 in Hereford. \r\n\r\nHer miniatures are rarely fully signed, thus leading to confusion about the attribution of her works. Miniatures with the initials ‘PC’ have often been attributed to Carwardine. Her style is distinctive, characterised by long faces in blue-toned palettes, women donning various hair decorations, and faces turned on a slight angle. Other miniatures by Carwardine exist in the collections of Kenwood House, the Wallace, MFA Houston, and the Swedish National Museum. "}],"artistMakerOrganisations":[],"artistMakerPeople":[],"materials":[{"text":"watercolour","id":"x33202"},{"text":"ivory","id":"AAT11857"}],"techniques":[{"text":"watercolour painting (technique)","id":"THES250889"}],"materialsAndTechniques":"Watercolour on ivory","categories":[{"text":"Portraits","id":"THES48906"},{"text":"Paintings","id":"THES48917"},{"text":"Miniatures","id":"THES269968"},{"text":"Woman Artist","id":"THES387590"}],"styles":[{"text":"georgian","id":"AAT21048"}],"collectionCode":{"text":"PDP","id":"THES48595"},"images":["2024NU4252","2024NU4253"],"imageResolution":"high","galleryLocations":[{"current":{"text":"LVLF","id":"THES49656"},"free":"","case":"RMC","shelf":"2","box":"B"}],"partTypes":[[{"text":"miniatures (paintings)","id":"AAT33936"}]],"contentWarnings":[{"apprise":"","note":""}],"placesOfOrigin":[{"place":{"text":"Great Britain","id":"x32019"},"association":{"text":"Painted","id":"x30138"},"note":""}],"productionDates":[{"date":{"text":"1767","earliest":"1767-01-01","latest":"1767-12-31"},"association":{"text":"made","id":"x28654"},"note":""}],"associatedObjects":[],"creditLine":"Alan Evans Bequest, given by the National Gallery","dimensions":[{"dimension":"Height","value":"38","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""},{"dimension":"Width","value":"27","unit":"mm","qualifier":"","date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"part":"","note":""}],"dimensionsNote":"Dimensions taken from <i>Summary Catalogue of Miniatures in the Victoria and Albert Museum</i>, Emmett Microform, 1981.","marksAndInscriptions":[{"content":"PC 1767","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":""},{"content":"Mary Christina daughter & heiress of Benedict Conquest of Irnham Lincolnshire. Wife of Henry 8th Lord Arundell of Wardour and mother of Mary Christina wife of 9th Lord Arundell.","inscriber":{"name":{"text":"","id":""},"association":{"text":"","id":""}},"date":{"text":"","earliest":null,"latest":null},"description":"","interpretation":"","language":"","medium":"","method":"","position":"","script":"","translation":"","transliteration":"","type":"","note":"Inscribed on reverse of mount"}],"objectHistory":"","historicalContext":"\r\nPortrait miniatures were frequently exchanged between loved ones and family in eighteenth-century England as tokens of affection and remembrance. Mary Christina may have sat for this portrait as a gift for a loved one.","briefDescription":"Portrait Miniature, Mary Christina, the wife of Henry 8th Lord Arundell, by Penelope Carwardine, watercolour on ivory, 1767","bibliographicReferences":[{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<i>Summary Catalogue of Miniatures in the Victoria and Albert Museum</i>, Emmett Microform, 1981"},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"<i>European Miniatures at the Metropolitan Museum of Ar</i>t, p. 130."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"D. Foskett, 'The Modest Miniatures of Penelope Carwardine,' <i>The Antique Collector</i>, June (1985), p.104."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"B. S. Long, <i>British miniaturist</i>s (1929)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"D. Foskett,<i> </i><i>A dictionary of British miniature painters,</i> 2 vols. (1972)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"L. R. Schidlof,<i> The miniature in Europe in the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,</i> 4 vols. (1964)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"H. Blättel,<i> International dictionary miniature painters / Internationales Lexikon Miniatur-Maler</i> (1992)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"D. Foskett, <i>Collecting miniatures </i>(1979)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"G. Reynolds, <i>English portrait miniatures</i> (1952); rev. edn (1988)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"C. Petteys, <i>Dictionary of women artists</i> (1985)."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"Graves, <i>Soc. Artists Monthly magazine</i>, 18 (1804), p. 364."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"J. Humphreys, \"Carwardine, Penelope\". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Vol. 9. (1887), p. 239."},{"reference":{"text":"","id":""},"details":"","free":"K. Coombs, <i>The Portrait Miniature in England</i> (1998)."}],"production":"","productionType":{"text":"","id":""},"contentDescription":"","contentPlaces":[],"associatedPlaces":[],"contentPerson":[{"text":"","id":""}],"associatedPerson":[],"contentOrganisations":[],"associatedOrganisations":[],"contentPeople":[],"associatedPeople":[],"contentEvents":[],"associatedEvents":[],"contentOthers":[{"text":"miniatures (paintings)","id":"AAT33936"}],"contentConcepts":[],"contentLiteraryRefs":[],"galleryLabels":[],"partNumbers":["EVANS.90"],"accessionNumberNum":"90","accessionNumberPrefix":"EVANS","accessionYear":null,"otherNumbers":[],"copyNumber":"","aspects":["WHOLE"],"assets":[],"recordModificationDate":"2025-04-05","recordCreationDate":"2009-06-30","availableToBook":false}}